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DCS控制系统工程应用的抗干扰设计

From: | author:kongjiangauto | Release :2021-11-22 | 324 view: | Share:

DCS控制系统工程应用的抗干扰设计


   为了保证系统在工业电磁环境中免受或减少内外电磁干扰,必须从设计阶段开始便采取三个方面抑制措施:抑制干扰源;切断或衰减电磁干扰的传播途径;提高装置和系统的抗干扰能力。这三点就是抑制电磁干扰的基本原则。


   DCS控制系统的抗干扰是一个系统工程,要求制造单位设计生产出具有较强抗干扰能力的产品,且有赖于使用部门在工程设计、安装施工和运行维护中予以全面考虑,并结合具有情况进行综合设计,才能保证系统的电磁兼容性和运行可靠性。进行具体工程的抗干扰设计时,应主要以下两个方面。


  1 设备选型


   在选择设备时,首先要选择有较高抗干扰能力的产品,其包括了电磁兼容性(EMC),尤其是抗外部干扰能力,如采用浮地技术、隔离性能好的DCS系统;其次还应了解生产厂给出的抗干扰指标,如共模拟制比、差模拟制比,耐压能力、允许在多大电场强度和多高频率的磁场强度环境中工作;另外是靠考查其在类似工作中的应用实绩。在选择国外进口产品要注意:我国是采用220V高内阻电网制式,而欧美地区是110V低内阻电网。由于我国电网内阻大,零点电位漂移大,地电位变化大,工业企业现场的电磁干扰至少要比欧美地区高4倍以上,对系统抗干扰性能要求更高,在国外能正常工作的DCS产品在国内工业就不一定能可靠运行,这就要在采用国外产品时,按我国的标准(GBT13926)合理选择。


  2 综合抗干扰设计


   主要考虑来自系统外部的几种如果抑制措施。主要内容包括:对DCS系统及外引线进行屏蔽以防空间辐射电磁干扰;对外引线进行隔离、滤波,特别是原理动力电缆,分层布置,以防通过外引线引入传导电磁干扰;正确设计接地点和接地装置,完善接地系统。另外还必须利用软件手段,进一步提高系统的安全可靠性。


  四、主要抗干扰措施


  1 采用性能优良的电源,抑制电网引入的干扰


   在DCS控制系统中,电源占有极重要的地位。电网干扰串入DCS控制系统主要通过DCS系统的供电电源(如CPU 电源、IO电源等)、变送器供电电源和与DCS系统具有直接电气连接的仪表供电电源等耦合进入的。现在,对于DCS系统供电的电源,一般都采用隔离性能较好电源,而对于变送器供电的电源和DCS系统有直接电气连接的仪表的供电电源,并没受到足够的重视,虽然采取了一定的隔离措施,但普遍还不够,主要是使用的隔离变压器分布参数大,抑制干扰能力差,经电源耦合而串入共模干扰、差模干扰。所以,对于变送器和共用信号仪表供电应选择分布电容小、抑制带大(如采用多次隔离和屏蔽及漏感技术)的配电器,以减少DCS系统的干扰。


   此外,位保证电网馈点不中断,可采用在线式不间断供电电源(UPS)供电,提高供电的安全可靠性。并且UPS还具有较强的干扰隔离性能,是一种DCS控制系统的理想电源。


  2 电缆选择的敖设


   为了减少动力电缆辐射电磁干扰,尤其是变频装置馈电电缆。笔者在某工程中,采用了铜带铠装屏蔽电力电缆,从而降低了动力线生产的电磁干扰,该工程投产后取得了满意的效果。


  不同类型的信号分别由不同电缆传输,信号电缆应按传输信号种类分层敖设,严禁用同一电缆的不同导线同时传送动力电源和信号,避免信号线与动力电缆靠近平行敖设,以减少电磁干扰。


  3 硬件滤波及软件抗干扰措施


   信号在接入计算机前,在信号线与地间并接电容,以减少共模干扰;在信号两极间加装滤波器可减少差模干扰。


   由于电磁干扰的复杂性,要根本消除迎接干扰影响是不可能的,因此在DCS控制系统的软件设计和组态时,还应在软件方面进行抗干扰处理,进一步提高系统的可靠性。常用的一些措施:数字滤波和工频整形采样,可有效消除周期性干扰;定时校正参考点电位,并采用动态零点,可有效防止电位漂移;采用信息冗余技术,设计相应的软件标志位;采用间接跳转,设置软件陷阱等提高软件结构可靠性。


  4 正确选择接地点,完善接地系统


   接地的目的通常有两个,其一为了安全,其二是为了抑制干扰。完善的接地系统是DCS控制系统抗电磁干扰的重要措施之一。


   系统接地方式有:浮地方式、直接接地方式和电容接地三种方式。对DCS控制系统而言,它属高速低电平控制装置,应采用直接接地方式。由于信号电缆分布电容和输入装置滤波等的影响,装置之间的信号交换频率一般都低于1MHz,所以DCS控制系统接地线采用一点接地和串联一点接地方式。集中布置的DCS系统适于并联一点接地方式,各装置的柜体中心接地点以单独的接地线引向接地极。如果装置间距较大,应采用串联一点接地方式。用一根大截面铜母线(或绝缘电缆)连接各装置的柜体中心接地点,然后将接地母线直接连接接地极。接地线采用截面大于22mm2的铜导线,总母线使用截面大于60mm2的铜排。接地极的接地电阻小于2Ω,接地极*好埋在距建筑物10 ~ 15m远处,而且DCS系统接地点必须与强电设备接地点相距10m以上。


   信号源接地时,屏蔽层应在信号侧接地;不接地时,应在DCS侧接地;信号线中间有接头时,屏蔽层应牢固连接并进行绝缘处理,一定要避免多点接地;多个测点信号的屏蔽双绞线与多芯对绞总屏电缆连接时,各屏蔽层应相互连接好,并经绝缘处理。选择适当的接地处单点接点。
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